The regeneration of musculoskeletal tissues is a very promising scientific area and is getting increasing clinical results in tendon, soft tissues and bone healing.

Musculoskeletal tissues regeneration covers many different surgical specialties like orthopedics, spine surgery, sport medicine,  dental implantology, maxillo-facial surgery and neurosurgery.

The tissue regeneration requires a scaffold with or without human stem cells.

The cellular product used can be autologous or allogeneic and minimally or more than minimally manipulated.

In the minimal manipulation case,  the cells are isolated from the donor tissue using methods not altering the cells fundamental characteristics. An example of physical method for obtaining mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue will be presented.

If a cell is minimally manipulated and the use is considered homologous (same function in donor and recipient) the procedure is considered a cell transplantation.

In the more than minimal manipulation case, like enzymatic isolation and culture expansion, the cells are defined altered and thus GMP production and "drug like" clinical cGCP path is required.

Several products are already available for clinical use in musculoskeletal regeneration and many others are in pipeline.